A defence cooperation agreement signed between Ghana and the United States has continued to generate debate years after it was ratified by Ghana’s Parliament. The agreement, signed in Accra on May 9, 2018, was designed to strengthen military cooperation between the two countries and support joint security efforts in the region.
The agreement forms part of broader defence collaboration between Ghana and the United States, which includes joint military training, security assistance and cooperation on regional peacekeeping operations. The document outlines the conditions under which United States forces can operate within Ghana and the rights and responsibilities of both countries under the arrangement.
Under the terms of the agreement, Ghana allows United States military personnel and contractors to access and use certain designated facilities and areas within the country for defence cooperation activities. These facilities may be used exclusively by US forces or jointly with the Ghana Armed Forces depending on the arrangement agreed by both governments.
The agreement also allows US forces to store military equipment, supplies and materials in Ghana as part of their operations and logistical preparations. In addition, the United States is permitted to operate telecommunications systems and utilise radio spectrum necessary for its military communication systems while conducting activities under the agreement.
Another provision allows US forces to undertake construction, alterations and improvements within approved facilities and areas used for defence cooperation activities. These provisions sparked public debate at the time the agreement was introduced, with some critics arguing that the clauses could potentially pave the way for the establishment of a US military base in Ghana.
However, government officials have consistently maintained that the agreement does not permit the establishment of a permanent US military base in Ghana. Authorities explained that the purpose of the agreement is to facilitate military cooperation, training and logistical support between the two countries.
The defence cooperation agreement was approved by Parliament after it was reviewed by the joint parliamentary committees on defence and interior as well as constitutional and legal affairs. Despite the approval, the agreement triggered protests and criticism from some political groups and civil society organisations who raised concerns about national sovereignty and security implications.
Supporters of the deal argued that the partnership would strengthen Ghana’s capacity to address emerging security threats, particularly in the West African region where issues such as terrorism, piracy and organised crime continue to pose challenges.
The debate over the agreement highlights the broader discussion about international security partnerships and how they should be structured to balance national sovereignty with regional security cooperation.
